Two procedure types. Most modern calibrations involve one, the other, or both.
Static calibration uses physical target boards positioned at exact distances and angles relative to the car's centreline. The camera or radar looks at the targets, the calibration software detects them, and the sensor's alignment is corrected against the known reference. This procedure needs level ground, controlled lighting and clear space around the car.
Some makes (most VW Group, BMW, Mercedes radar work) need static target alignment to be done correctly. Many can't be calibrated dynamically at all.

Dynamic calibration is drive-based. The car is taken on a structured route at specific speeds while the sensor watches road markings or other reference features and self-aligns. Some procedures need to run for a set distance (typically 15 to 30 minutes), others until the system confirms calibration is complete.
Most forward-camera recalibrations after windscreen work use dynamic procedure. Vauxhall's Opel Eye system is dynamic-only on most platforms.
Both, in sequence. Many modern cars need static alignment first (so the sensor starts from a known reference), then dynamic confirmation on the road. Most premium platforms (Audi, BMW, Mercedes) and post-collision multi-system jobs sit here.
Which procedure your car needs is set by the make, model and year, and what part of the system has been disturbed. It's not the customer's call. The technician determines the right procedure based on the manufacturer specification for that vehicle.